Psych Drug Truth	Common Xanax Side Effects	Xanax is an addictive drug and should not be reduced quickly.
Xanax	Anxiety - Insomnia - Agitation	For proper Xanax withdrawal

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Xanax

Xanax Withdrawal

This site gives basic information about Xanax and other psychoactive medication.

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Xanax Pharmacology

Anxiolytic - Antipanic

Xanax, a triazolo 1,4 benzodiazepine analog, binds with high affinity to the GABA benzodiazepine receptor complex. Considerable evidence suggest that the central pharmacologic/therapeutic actions of Xanax are mediated via interaction with this receptor complex.

Orally administered it is readily absorbed in man with peak plasma concentrations occurring 1 to 2 hours following administration. The half life range is 6 to 20 hours following single dose administration. With multiple doses, given 3 times daily, steady state is reached within 7 days. Xanax and its metabolites are excreted primarily in the urine. Degradation occurs mainly by oxidation yielding the primary and secondary metabolites which are active and appear to have half-lives similar to alprazolam but are present at only low levels in the plasma. Xanax is 80% protein bound.

Xanax 500 mcg (0.5 mg), administered 3 times a day for 14 days, did not affect prothrombin times or plasma warfarin levels in male volunteers administered sodium warfarin orally.

Indications

For the management of anxiety disorders or the short-term symptomatic relief of symptoms of excessive anxiety. Anxiety or tension associated with the stress of everyday life usually does not require treatment with Xanax.

Xanax is indicated for the treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and is also indicated for the management of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Back to top of page

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to Xanax or other benzodiazepines. Xanax is also contraindicated in pregnancy, in infants and in patients with myasthenia gravis and acute narrow angle glaucoma.

Warnings

Xanax is not recommended for use in patients whose primary diagnosis is psychosis or depression.

Occupational Hazards:
As with other CNS depressant drugs, patients should be cautioned against activities requiring mental alertness, judgment and physical coordination such as driving or operating machinery, particularly in the early phases of treatment and until proper adjustment to side effects has been established. Alcohol and benzodiazepines should never be mixed when driving because of the unpredictable CNS depressant effects of this combination. Back to top of page

Pregnancy:
Safety in pregnancy has not been established, therefore its use is not recommended. Studies have suggested an increased risk of congenital malformations associated with the use of the benzodiazepines, such as chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, and also meprobamate, during the first trimester of pregnancy. Since Xanax is a benzodiazepine derivative, its administration is rarely justified in women of childbearing potential. If the drug is prescribed to a woman of child bearing potential she should be warned to consult her physician regarding the discontinuation of the drug if she intends to become or suspects that she is pregnant.

Lactation: Back to top of page
Studies in rats have indicated that Xanax and its metabolites are secreted into the milk. Therefore, nursing should not be undertaken while a patient is receiving the drug.

Safety and efficacy of alprazolam in patients under the age of 18 years has not been established.

Precautions

Elderly and debilitated patients, or those with organic brain syndrome, have been found to be prone to the CNS depressant activity of benzodiazepines even after low doses. Manifestations include ataxia, over sedation and hypotension. Therefore, medication should be administered with caution to these patients, particularly if a drop in blood pressure might lead to cardiac complications. Initial doses should be low and increments should be made gradually, depending on the response of the patient, in order to avoid over sedation, neurological impairment and other possible adverse reactions.

Xanax should not be administered to individuals prone to drug abuse. Caution should be observed in all patients who are considered to have potential for psychological dependence. Withdrawal symptoms have been observed after abrupt discontinuation of benzodiazepines. These include irritability, nervousness, insomnia, agitation, tremors, convulsions, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting and mental impairment. Since these symptoms may be similar to those for which the patient is being treated, it may appear that he has suffered a relapse upon discontinuation. It is suggested that alprazolam should be withdrawn gradually if the individual is suspected of having become dependent, or the drug perhaps has been used in prolonged high doses.

Suicidal tendencies may be present in patients with emotional disorders, particularly when depressed and that protective measures and appropriate treatment may be necessary and should be instituted without delay.

Xanax should not be used in patients suspected of having psychotic tendencies since excitement and other paradoxical reactions can result from the use of anxiolytic-sedatives in these patients. As with other benzodiazepines, alprazolam should not be used in individuals with physiological anxiety or normal stress of daily living but only in the presence of disabling manifestations of an appropriate pathological anxiety disorder.

These drugs are not effective in patients with characterological and personality disorders or those with obsessive compulsive disorders. Xanax is not recommended for the management of depressive or psychotic disorders.

If treatment is necessary in patients with impaired hepatic or renal function, therapy should be initiated at a very low dose and the dosage increased only to the extent that it is compatible with the degree of residual function of these organs.

If Xanax is administered for repeated cycles of therapy, periodic blood counts and liver function tests are advisable. Back to top of page

Since benzodiazepines may occasionally exacerbate grand mal seizures, caution is required when used in epileptic patients and an adjustment may be necessary in their anticonvulsive medication. Abrupt withdrawal of Xanax should be avoided.

Benzodiazepines may potentiate or interact with effects of other CNS acting drugs such as alcohol, narcotics, barbiturates, nonbarbiturate hypnotics, antihistamines, phenothiazines, butyrophenones, MAO inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants. Therefore, if alprazolam is to be combined with other drugs acting on the CNS, careful consideration should be given to the pharmacology of the agent involved because of the possible additive or potentiating effects. Patients should also be advised against the simultaneous use of other CNS depressant drugs and should be cautioned not to take alcohol during the administration of alprazolam.

Adverse Effects Back to top of page

The most frequently reported are drowsiness, coordination difficulties with dizziness. Release of hostility and other paradoxical effects such as irritability, excitability and hallucinations are known to occur with the use of benzodiazepines. Other side effects less frequently reported, listed by body systems, include the following:

Neurologic:
Blurred vision, headache, seizures, slurred speech, difficulty in depth perception.

Psychiatric:
Agitation, mental confusion, depression, irritability, nervousness, sleep disturbances, euphoria, lethargy, stupor.

Gastrointestinal:
Dry mouth, nausea, nonspecific gastrointestinal disturbances, vomiting.

Musculoskeletal:
Muscle spasm, muscle weakness.

Cardiovascular:
Hypotension, palpitations, tachycardia.

Dermatologic:
Pruritus, rash.

Genitourinary:
Incontinence, change in libido.

Hematologic:
Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit, increased and decreased WBC.

Hepatic:
Elevations of alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT).

Miscellaneous:
Increased and decreased blood sugar levels.

Overdose Back to top of page

Symptoms:
Manifested as an extension of Xanax pharmacologic activity. Varying degrees of CNS depressant effects such as somnolence and hypnosis can occur. Other manifestations may include muscle weakness, ataxia, dysarthria and particularly in children paradoxical excitement. In more severe cases diminished reflexes, confusion and coma may ensue. It should be remembered when treating an overdose that multiple agents may have been ingested. Fatalities with benzodiazepines rarely occur except when other drugs, alcohol or aggravating factors are involved.

Treatment:
Vomiting may be induced if the patient is fully awake. Vital signs should be monitored and general supportive measures should be employed as indicated. Gastric lavage should be instituted as soon as possible. I.V. fluids may be administered and an adequate airway should be maintained.

Experiments in animals have indicated that cardiopulmonary collapse can occur with massive i.v. doses of alprazolam. This could be reversed with positive mechanical respiration and the i.v. infusion of levarterenol.

Animal experiments with Xanax and related compounds have suggested that hemodialysis and forced diuresis are probably of little value.

Dosage

Must be individualized and carefully titrated in order to avoid excessive sedation or mental and motor impairment. As with other anxiolytic-sedatives, short courses of treatment should be the rule for the symptomatic relief of excessive anxiety and the initial course of treatment should not last longer than 1 week without reassessment. If necessary, drug dosage can be adjusted after 1 week. Prescriptions should be limited to short courses of therapy.

Adults:
Initially: Back to top of page
0.25 mg (250 mcg) given 2 or 3 times daily. If required, increases may be made in 0.25 mg (250 mcg) increments according to the severity of symptoms and patient response. It is recommended that the evening dose be increased before the daytime doses. Very severe manifestations of anxiety may require larger initial daily doses. The optimal dosage is one that permits symptomatic control of excessive anxiety without impairment of mental and motor function. Exceptionally, it may be necessary to increase dosage to a maximum of 3 mg daily, given in divided doses.

Elderly and Debilitated Patients:
The initial dosage is 0.125 mg (125 mcg) 2 or 3 times daily. If necessary, this dosage may be increased gradually depending on patient tolerance and response.

Supplied Back to top of page

Xanax:
0.25 mg:
Each scored white, ovoid-shaped tablet, coded "Upjohn 29," contains: Alprazolam 0.25 mg (250 mcg). Gluten-free. Bottles of 100 and 1000.

0.5 mg:
Each scored, peach, ovoid-shaped tablet, coded "Upjohn 55," contains: Alprazolam 0.5 mg (500 mcg). Gluten-free. Bottles of 100 and 1000.

1 mg:
Each scored, lavender, ovoid-shaped tablet, coded "Upjohn 90" contains: Alprazolam 1 mg (1000 mcg). Gluten-free. Bottles of 100.

Xanax TS:
2 mg:
Each white, triscored tablet (3 scores), with the number "2" on one side and Xanax on the other side contains: Alprazolam 2 mg. The tablets can be broken into 4 equal parts of 0.5 mg. Bottles of 100.

Physiologically based predictions of the impact of inhibition of intestinal and hepatic metabolism on human pharmacokinetics of CYP3A substrates.

Fenneteau F, Poulin P, Nekka F.

J Pharm Sci. 2009 May 28. [Epub ahead of print]

PMID: 19479982 [Xanax - as supplied by publisher]

A fatal case of benzodiazepine withdrawal.

Lann MA, Molina DK.

Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2009 Jun;30(2):177-9.

PMID: 19465812 [Xanax - in process]

Management of sleep/wake cycles improves cognitive function in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease.

Pallier PN, Morton AJ.

Brain Res. 2009 May 18. [Epub ahead of print]

PMID: 19450569 [Xanax - as supplied by publisher]

Comparison of Five Benzodiazepine-Receptor Agonists on Buprenorphine-Induced mu-Opioid Receptor Regulation.

Poisnel G, Dhilly M, Boisselier RL, Barre L, Debruyne D.

J Pharmacol Sci. 2009 May;110(1):36-46.

PMID: 19443999 [Xanax - in process]

Development of a patient-reported assessment to identify placebo responders in a generalized anxiety disorder trial.

Feltner D, Hill C, Lenderking W, Williams V, Morlock R.

J Psychiatr Res. 2009 May 5. [Epub ahead of print]

PMID: 19423131 [Xanax - as supplied by publisher]

Validating a human model for anxiety using startle potentiated by cue and context: the effects of alprazolam, pregabalin, and diphenhydramine.

Baas JM, Mol N, Kenemans JL, Prinssen EP, Niklson I, Xia-Chen C, Broeyer F, van Gerven J.

Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009 May 5. [Epub ahead of print]

PMID: 19415242 [Xanax - as supplied by publisher]

Multiple drug ingestion by ecstasy abusers in the United States.

Black DL, Cawthon B, Robert T, Moser F, Caplan YH, Cone EJ.

J Anal Toxicol. 2009 Apr;33(3):143-7.

PMID: 19371462 [Xanax - in process]

The limit of detection in generalized least-squares calibrations: an example using alprazolam liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry data.

Ogren PJ, Meetze A, Duer WC.

J Anal Toxicol. 2009 Apr;33(3):129-42.

PMID: 19371461 [Xanax - in process]

Impact of gastrointestinal symptoms on response to pregabalin in generalized anxiety disorder: results of a six-study combined analysis.

Stein DJ, Bruce Lydiard R, Herman BK, Mandel FS.

Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 May;24(3):126-32.

PMID: 19352198 [Xanax - in process]

Nanostructure initiator mass spectrometry: tissue imaging and direct biofluid analysis.

Yanes O, Woo HK, Northen TR, Oppenheimer SR, Shriver L, Apon J, Estrada MN, Potchoiba MJ, Steenwyk R, Manchester M, Siuzdak G.

Anal Chem. 2009 Apr 15;81(8):2969-75.

PMID: 19301920 [Xanax - in process]

Adverse effects of benzodiazepines in psychiatric outpatients.

Arbanas G, Arbanas D, Dujam K.

Psychiatr Danub. 2009 Mar;21(1):103-7.

PMID: 19270632 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Psychotropic drug prescribing in the family medicine out-patient clinic, Ramathibodi Hospital.

Prueksaritanond S, Tubtimtes S, Pumkompol T, Sukying C.

J Med Assoc Thai. 2009 Feb;92(2):266-72.

PMID: 19253804 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Five deaths resulting from abuse of dextromethorphan sold over the internet.

Logan BK, Goldfogel G, Hamilton R, Kuhlman J.

J Anal Toxicol. 2009 Mar;33(2):99-103.

PMID: 19239735 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effect of smoking and CYP2D6 polymorphisms on the extent of fluvoxamine-alprazolam interaction in patients with psychosomatic disease.

Sugahara H, Maebara C, Ohtani H, Handa M, Ando K, Mine K, Kubo C, Ieiri I, Sawada Y.

Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Feb 19. [Epub ahead of print]

PMID: 19225771 [Xanax - as supplied by publisher]

Successful treatment of chronic drug-resistant urticaria with alprazolam.

Dueñas-Laita A, Ruiz-Muñoz P, Armentia A, Pinacho F, Martín-Armentia B.

J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Feb;123(2):504-5. No abstract available.

PMID: 19203665 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Development of a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of alprazolam and sertraline in combined dosage forms.

Pathak A, Rajput SJ.

J AOAC Int. 2008 Nov-Dec;91(6):1344-53.

PMID: 19202795 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Maximal initial dose of simvastatin causing acute renal failure through rhabdomyolysis: risk factors, pathomechanism and therapy related to a case]

Deme D, Al-Hadad A, Varga T, Szántó E, Sándor K, Rakonczai E.

Orv Hetil. 2009 Feb 8;150(6):265-9. Hungarian.

PMID: 19179259 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Alprazolam treatment immediately after stress exposure interferes with the normal HPA-stress response and increases vulnerability to subsequent stress in an animal model of PTSD.

Matar MA, Zohar J, Kaplan Z, Cohen H.

Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009 Apr;19(4):283-95. Epub 2009 Jan 23.

PMID: 19167197 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Benzodiazepines for delirium.

Lonergan E, Luxenberg J, Areosa Sastre A, Wyller TB.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD006379. Review.

PMID: 19160280 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Observation on the therapeutic effect of neck clustered needling on insomnia]

Qi LZ, Ma XP, Yang L.

Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2008 Dec;28(12):861-4. Chinese.

PMID: 19127908 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Non-fearful panic disorder in gastroenterology.

Porcelli P, De Carne M.

Psychosomatics. 2008 Nov-Dec;49(6):543-5.

PMID: 19122134 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry method for the quantification of alprazolam, flunitrazepam, and their main metabolites in haemolysed blood.

Marchi I, Schappler J, Veuthey JL, Rudaz S.

J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008 Dec 6. [Epub ahead of print]

PMID: 19110476 [Xanax - as supplied by publisher]

Alprazolam intercalates into DNA.

Saha B, Mukherjee A, Santra CR, Chattopadhyay A, Ghosh AN, Choudhuri U, Karmakar P.

J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2009 Feb;26(4):421-9.

PMID: 19108581 [Xanax - in process]

Analytical study proving alprazolam degradation to its main impurity triazolaminoquinoleine through Maillard reaction.

Huidobro AL, Barbas C.

Anal Bioanal Chem. 2008 Dec 10. [Epub ahead of print]

PMID: 19066862 [Xanax - as supplied by publisher]

Anxiolytic effects of lamotrigine and JZP-4 in the elevated plus maze and in the four plate conflict test.

Foreman MM, Hanania T, Eller M.

Eur J Pharmacol. 2009 Jan 14;602(2-3):316-20. Epub 2008 Nov 17.

PMID: 19038245 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Contribution of alpha1 subunit-containing gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptors to motor-impairing effects of benzodiazepines in squirrel monkeys.

Licata SC, Platt DM, Cook JM, Van Linn ML, Rowlett JK.

Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009 Apr;203(3):539-46. Epub 2008 Nov 25.

PMID: 19031072 [Xanax - in process]

Quantitation of benzodiazepines in whole blood by electron impact-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Tiscione NB, Shan X, Alford I, Yeatman DT.

J Anal Toxicol. 2008 Oct;32(8):644-52.

PMID: 19007516 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Comparison of drug concentrations taken from clamped and unclamped femoral vessels.

Hargrove VM, McCutcheon JR.

J Anal Toxicol. 2008 Oct;32(8):621-5.

PMID: 19007512 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Clinical observation on post-stroke anxiety neurosis treated by acupuncture.

Wu P, Liu S.

J Tradit Chin Med. 2008 Sep;28(3):186-8.

PMID: 19004200 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Validation of SPE-HPLC determination of 1,4-benzodiazepines and metabolites in blood plasma, urine, and saliva.

Uddin MN, Samanidou VF, Papadoyannis IN.

J Sep Sci. 2008 Dec;31(21):3704-17.

PMID: 19003810 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Screening and semiquantitative analysis of drugs and drugs of abuse in human serum samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Maresova V, Chadt J, Novakova E.

Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2008 Oct;29(5):749-54.

PMID: 18987582 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Additional to caudal bupivacaine preemptive oral ibuprofen does not improve postoperative pain, nausea or vomiting, and resumption of normal activities in children after ambulatory pediatric urologic surgery.

Bogaert GA, Trouet D, Bernaerts J, Luysmans P, Evers G, Wille M.

J Pediatr Urol. 2005 Apr;1(2):61-8.

PMID: 18947538 [Xanax - in process]

Lebanese turn to drugs to treat mental-health problems.

Solberg KE.

Lancet. 2008 Sep 27;372(9644):1137-8. No abstract available.

PMID: 18942175 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Simultaneous determination of benzodiazepines and their metabolites in human serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a high-resolution octadecyl silica column compatible with aqueous compounds.

Nakamura M, Ohmori T, Itoh Y, Terashita M, Hirano K.

Biomed Chromatogr. 2009 Apr;23(4):357-64.

PMID: 18937304 [Xanax - in process]

Using micro-attenuated total reflection spectroscopy to determine chemically induced changes in neat human hair: feasibility study on the effect of antipsychotic drugs.

Koçak A, Berets SL.

Appl Spectrosc. 2008 Jul;62(7):803-9.

PMID: 18935832 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Benzodiazepine metabolism: an analytical perspective.

Mandrioli R, Mercolini L, Raggi MA.

Curr Drug Metab. 2008 Oct;9(8):827-44. Review.

PMID: 18855614 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

A probable case of gabapentin-related reversible hearing loss in a patient with acute renal failure.

Pierce DA, Holt SR, Reeves-Daniel A.

Clin Ther. 2008 Sep;30(9):1681-4.

PMID: 18840374 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

An evaluation of data for 10 children born to mothers who attempted suicide by taking large doses of alprazolam during pregnancy.

Gidai J, Acs N, Bánhidy F, Czeizel AE.

Toxicol Ind Health. 2008 Feb-Mar;24(1-2):53-60.

PMID: 18818181 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Alprazolam and oxazepam block the cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking in rats.

Goeders NE, Clampitt DM, Keller C, Sharma M, Guerin GF.

Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009 Jan;201(4):581-8. Epub 2008 Sep 17.

PMID: 18797849 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Quantitation of benzodiazepines in urine, serum, plasma, and meconium by LC-MS-MS.

Marin SJ, Coles R, Merrell M, McMillin GA.

J Anal Toxicol. 2008 Sep;32(7):491-8.

PMID: 18713517 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Sedative-hypnotic medication exposures and poisonings in Izmir,Turkey.

Oray NC, Hocaoglu N, Oray D, Demir O, Atilla R, Tuncok Y.

Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008 Oct;103(4):380-5.

PMID: 18699798 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Rhabdomyolysis and pancreatitis associated with coadministration of danazol 600 mg/d and lovastatin 40 mg/d.

Hsieh CY, Chen CH.

Clin Ther. 2008 Jul;30(7):1330-5.

PMID: 18691993 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Clinical drugs that interact with St. John's wort and implication in drug development.

Di YM, Li CG, Xue CC, Zhou SF.

Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14(17):1723-42. Review.

PMID: 18673195 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Tremor associated with chronic inflammatory demyelinating peripheral neuropathy: treatment with pregabalin.

Alonso-Navarro H, Fernández-Díaz A, Martín-Prieto M, Ruiz-Ezquerro JJ, López-Alburquerque T, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ.

Clin Neuropharmacol. 2008 Jul-Aug;31(4):241-4.

PMID: 18670249 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Drug testing in oral fluid-evaluation of sample collection devices.

Langel K, Engblom C, Pehrsson A, Gunnar T, Ariniemi K, Lillsunde P.

J Anal Toxicol. 2008 Jul-Aug;32(6):393-401.

PMID: 18652744 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Early onset anxiolytic efficacy after a single dose of pregabalin: double-blind, placebo- and active-comparator controlled evaluation using a dental anxiety model.

Nutt D, Mandel F, Baldinetti F.

J Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jul 17. [Epub ahead of print]

PMID: 18635690 [Xanax - as supplied by publisher]

[Effect of acupuncture combined with massage of sole on sleeping quality of the patient with insomnia]

Zhong ZG, Cai H, Li XL, Lü D.

Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2008 Jun;28(6):411-3. Chinese.

PMID: 18630537 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Atypical depression as a premonitory symptom of migraine managed by an oral contraceptive.

Kawamura S, Sakai A, Endo T, Maruta M.

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008 Jun;62(3):365. No abstract available.

PMID: 18588602 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Does oral alprazolam affect ventilation? A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Carraro G, Russi E, Buechi S, Bloch K.

J Psychopharmacol. 2009 May;23(3):322-7. Epub 2008 Jun 18.

PMID: 18562435 [Xanax - in process]

A comparison of the effects of a subtype selective and non-selective benzodiazepine receptor agonist in two CO(2) models of experimental human anxiety.

Bailey JE, Papadopoulos A, Seddon K, Nutt DJ.

J Psychopharmacol. 2009 Mar;23(2):117-22. Epub 2008 Jun 18.

PMID: 18562427 [Xanax - in process]

Drug metabolism in human brain: high levels of cytochrome P4503A43 in brain and metabolism of anti-anxiety drug alprazolam to its active metabolite.

Agarwal V, Kommaddi RP, Valli K, Ryder D, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Strobel HW, Ravindranath V.

PLoS ONE. 2008 Jun 11;3(6):e2337.

PMID: 18545703 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Drug screening of hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Hegstad S, Khiabani HZ, Kristoffersen L, Kunøe N, Lobmaier PP, Christophersen AS.

J Anal Toxicol. 2008 Jun;32(5):364-72.

PMID: 18544222 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Stress-induced attenuation of acoustic startle in low-saccharin-consuming rats.

Gonzales M, Garrett C, Chapman CD, Dess NK.

Biol Psychol. 2008 Oct;79(2):193-9. Epub 2008 May 3.

PMID: 18538914 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Long-term effectiveness of an intervention to discontinue chronic benzodiazepine use]

Vicens Caldentey C, Fiol Gelabert F, González Garrido E, Martínez Ojeda E, Mateu Sabater C, Llobera Cánaves J.

Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2008 Sep-Oct;36(5):295-8. Spanish.

PMID: 18523893 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Liquid chromatography/quadrupole ion trap/time-of-flight determination of the efficacy of drug test kits for rapid screening of food.

Zuckschwerdt JB, Nixon CE, Ciner FL, Croley TR.

J Food Prot. 2008 May;71(5):1007-14.

PMID: 18522037 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Anxiety level and addiction to first-time prescriptions of anxiolytics: a psychometric study]

Barthelmé B, Poirot Y.

Presse Med. 2008 Nov;37(11):1555-60. Epub 2008 May 23. French.

PMID: 18502091 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Influence of incorporation methods on partitioning behavior of lipophilic drugs into various phases of a parenteral lipid emulsion.

Sila-on W, Vardhanabhuti N, Ongpipattanakul B, Kulvanich P.

AAPS PharmSciTech. 2008;9(2):684-92. Epub 2008 May 22.

PMID: 18496755 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

GABA-A receptors and the response to CO(2) inhalation - a translational trans-species model of anxiety?

Bailey JE, Nutt DJ.

Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2008 Jul;90(1):51-7. Epub 2008 Apr 9. Review.

PMID: 18485466 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Determination of illicit and medicinal drugs and their metabolites in oral fluid and preserved oral fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Concheiro M, de Castro A, Quintela O, Cruz A, López-Rivadulla M.

Anal Bioanal Chem. 2008 Jul;391(6):2329-38. Epub 2008 May 16.

PMID: 18483722 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Citalopram-associated spontaneous ejaculations.

Virit O, Savas HA.

J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jun;28(3):360-1. No abstract available.

PMID: 18480704 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Complete atrioventricular block associated with concomitant use of metoprolol and paroxetine.

Onalan O, Cumurcu BE, Bekar L.

Mayo Clin Proc. 2008 May;83(5):595-9.

PMID: 18452693 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Alprazolam potentiates the antiaversive effect induced by the activation of 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT (2A) receptors in the rat dorsal periaqueductal gray.

de Bortoli VC, Nogueira RL, Zangrossi H Jr.

Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008 Jun;198(3):341-9. Epub 2008 Apr 30.

PMID: 18446327 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Dynamics of cardiovascular system functional state indices in patients with idiopathic mitral valve prolapse against the background of magnerot and alprazolam therapy]

Akatova EV, Sukhanova ED, Mel'nik OO, Martynov AI.

Klin Med (Mosk). 2008;86(3):55-8. Russian.

PMID: 18441707 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Pharmacologic correction of psycho-emotive disorders in the rehabilitation of patients after removal of brain tumors]

Koval'chuk VV.

Vopr Onkol. 2007;53(6):704-10. Russian. No abstract available.

PMID: 18416142 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Ultra rapid liquid chromatography as second dimension in a comprehensive two-dimensional method for the screening of pharmaceutical samples in stability and stress studies.

Huidobro AL, Pruim P, Schoenmakers P, Barbas C.

J Chromatogr A. 2008 May 9;1190(1-2):182-90. Epub 2008 Mar 13.

PMID: 18400227 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Prediction of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions using human hepatocyte suspension in plasma and cytochrome P450 phenotypic data. II. In vitro-in vivo correlation with ketoconazole.

Lu C, Hatsis P, Berg C, Lee FW, Balani SK.

Drug Metab Dispos. 2008 Jul;36(7):1255-60. Epub 2008 Apr 1.

PMID: 18381489 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Alprazolam (Xanax) use among southern youth: beliefs and social norms concerning dangerous rides on "handlebars".

Peters RJ Jr, Meshack AF, Kelder SH, Webb P, Smith D, Garner K.

J Drug Educ. 2007;37(4):417-28.

PMID: 18351180 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Prediction of metabolic clearance using fresh human hepatocytes: comparison with cryopreserved hepatocytes and hepatic microsomes for five benzodiazepines.

Hallifax D, Galetin A, Houston JB.

Xenobiotica. 2008 Apr;38(4):353-67.

PMID: 18340561 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Pharmacology of neuropeptide S in mice: therapeutic relevance to anxiety disorders.

Leonard SK, Dwyer JM, Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Platt B, Logue SF, Neal SJ, Malberg JE, Beyer CE, Schechter LE, Rosenzweig-Lipson S, Ring RH.

Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008 May;197(4):601-11. Epub 2008 Mar 3.

PMID: 18311561 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Evidenced-based pharmacologic treatment of borderline personality disorder: a shift from SSRIs to anticonvulsants and atypical antipsychotics?

Abraham PF, Calabrese JR.

J Affect Disord. 2008 Nov;111(1):21-30. Epub 2008 Mar 4. Review.

PMID: 18304647 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Efficacy of tropisetron in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy with carboplatin and taxanes.

Tsavaris N, Kosmas C, Kopterides P, Vadiaka M, Kosmas N, Skopelitis H, Karadima D, Kolliokosta G, Tzima E, Loukeris D, Pagouni E, Batziou E, Xyla V, Koufos C.

Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2008 Mar;17(2):167-73.

PMID: 18302654 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Protective effect of alprazolam against sleep deprivation-induced behavior alterations and oxidative damage in mice.

Singh A, Kumar A.

Neurosci Res. 2008 Apr;60(4):372-9. Epub 2007 Dec 23.

PMID: 18280601 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Alprazolam use improves psychological status and reduces hospitalization costs in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation]

Zhu YJ, Liu ZY, Chen Y, Zheng P, Zhu JH, Tao QM, Zheng LR, Wang QQ, Shi MJ, Qiu YG.

Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 2007 Oct;35(10):919-22. Chinese.

PMID: 18206039 [Xanax - in process]

The quality of hemodialysis in patients with mental retardation.

Weng CH, Yen TH, Chen KH, Hung CC, Wu JH, Yang CW, Chang CT.

Ren Fail. 2008;30(1):63-5.

PMID: 18197545 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effect of Jin-3-needling therapy on plasma corticosteroid, adrenocorticotrophic hormone and platelet 5-HT levels in patients with generalized anxiety disorder.

Yuan Q, Li JN, Liu B, Wu ZF, Jin R.

Chin J Integr Med. 2007 Dec;13(4):264-8.

PMID: 18180890 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Depression, anxiety and substance use in medical students in the Republic of Macedonia.

Mancevska S, Bozinovska L, Tecce J, Pluncevik-Gligoroska J, Sivevska-Smilevska E.

Bratisl Lek Listy. 2008;109(12):568-72.

PMID: 19348380 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Relative influences of adjunctive topiramate and adjunctive lamotrigine on scanning and the effective field of view.

Mills KC, Drazkowski JF, Hammer AE, Caldwell PT, Kustra RP, Blum DE.

Epilepsy Res. 2008 Feb;78(2-3):140-6. Epub 2007 Dec 21.

PMID: 18155445 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Determination of benzodiazepines in oral fluid using LC-MS-MS.

Moore C, Coulter C, Crompton K, Zumwalt M.

J Anal Toxicol. 2007 Nov-Dec;31(9):596-600.

PMID: 18093420 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Opioid receptors are involved in the sedative and antinociceptive effects of hesperidin as well as in its potentiation with benzodiazepines.

Loscalzo LM, Wasowski C, Paladini AC, Marder M.

Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Feb 12;580(3):306-13. Epub 2007 Nov 13.

PMID: 18048026 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Pregabalin in benzodiazepine withdrawal.

Biermann T, Bleich S, Kornhuber J, Hillemacher T.

Pharmacopsychiatry. 2007 Nov;40(6):292-3. No abstract available.

PMID: 18030656 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Development of HPTLC-UV absorption densitometry method for the analysis of alprazolam and sertraline in combination and its application in the evaluation of marketed preparations.

Venkateswarlu K, Venisetty RK, Yellu NR, Keshetty S, Pai MG.

J Chromatogr Sci. 2007 Sep;45(8):537-9.

PMID: 18019565 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Hemoperfusion in the treatment of acute clozapine intoxication in China.

He JL, Xiang YT, Li WB, Cai ZJ, Ungvari GS.

J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Dec;27(6):667-71.

PMID: 18004134 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Connectivity analysis of EEG under drug therapy.

Alonso JF, Mañanas MA, Romero S, Riba J, Barbanoj MJ, Hoyer D.

Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2007;2007:6188-91.

PMID: 18003434 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Therapeutical strategies for essential tremor]

Gironell A.

Med Clin (Barc). 2007 Nov 3;129(16):632-7. Review. Spanish.

PMID: 18001678 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Predominance of illicit drugs and poly-drug use among drug-impaired drivers in Sweden.

Holmgren A, Holmgren P, Kugelberg FC, Jones AW, Ahlner J.

Traffic Inj Prev. 2007 Dec;8(4):361-7.

PMID: 17994489 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

An effect-size analysis of pharmacologic treatments for generalized anxiety disorder.

Hidalgo RB, Tupler LA, Davidson JR.

J Psychopharmacol. 2007 Nov;21(8):864-72.

PMID: 17984162 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Maximal inhibition of intestinal first-pass metabolism as a pragmatic indicator of intestinal contribution to the drug-drug interactions for CYP3A4 cleared drugs.

Galetin A, Hinton LK, Burt H, Obach RS, Houston JB.

Curr Drug Metab. 2007 Oct;8(7):685-93. Review.

PMID: 17979656 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

1,4-Benzodiazepine N-nitrosoamidines: useful intermediates in the synthesis of tricyclic benzodiazepines.

Fustero S, González J, del Pozo C.

Molecules. 2006 Aug 9;11(8):583-8.

PMID: 17971730 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Cognitive style, alprazolam plasma levels, and treatment response in panic disorder.

Uhlenhuth EH, Starcevic V, Qualls C, Antal EJ, Matuzas W, Javaid JI, Barnhill J.

Depress Anxiety. 2008;25(8):E18-26.

PMID: 17960759 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Long-term, high-dose benzodiazepine prescriptions in veteran patients with PTSD: influence of preexisting alcoholism and drug-abuse diagnoses.

Hermos JA, Young MM, Lawler EV, Rosenbloom D, Fiore LD.

J Trauma Stress. 2007 Oct;20(5):909-14.

PMID: 17955537 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Appearance of double peaks in plasma concentration-time profile after oral administration depends on gastric emptying profile and weight function.

Metsugi Y, Miyaji Y, Ogawara K, Higaki K, Kimura T.

Pharm Res. 2008 Apr;25(4):886-95. Epub 2007 Oct 23.

PMID: 17955185 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Pregabalin: its efficacy, safety and tolerability profile in generalized anxiety.

Owen RT.

Drugs Today (Barc). 2007 Sep;43(9):601-10. Review.

PMID: 17940637 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Modulation of human risky decision making by flunitrazepam.

Lane SD, Cherek DR, Nouvion SO.

Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008 Feb;196(2):177-88. Epub 2007 Oct 5.

PMID: 17917718 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Letter: In situ chemical ionization in ion trap mass spectrometrythe beneficial influence of isobutane as a reagent gas.

Bouchonnet S, Kinani S, Sablier M, Pirnay S.

Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester, Eng). 2007;13(3):227-32.

PMID: 17881791 [Xanax - in process]

Letter: Does the reagent gas influence collisional activation when performing in situ chemical ionization with an ion trap mass spectrometer ?

Bouchonnet S, Kinani S, Sablier M.

Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester, Eng). 2007;13(3):223-6.

PMID: 17881790 [Xanax - in process]

Benzodiazepines in generalized anxiety disorder: heterogeneity of outcomes based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.

Martin JL, Sainz-Pardo M, Furukawa TA, Martín-Sánchez E, Seoane T, Galán C.

J Psychopharmacol. 2007 Sep;21(7):774-82. Review.

PMID: 17881433 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Different acute tolerance development to EEG, psychomotor performance and subjective assessment effects after two intermittent oral doses of alprazolam in healthy volunteers.

Barbanoj MJ, Urbano G, Antonijoan R, Ballester MR, Valle M.

Neuropsychobiology. 2007;55(3-4):203-12. Epub 2007 Sep 17.

PMID: 17878744 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

A rapid CZE method for the analysis of benzodiazepines in spiked beverages.

Webb R, Doble P, Dawson M.

Electrophoresis. 2007 Oct;28(19):3553-65.

PMID: 17853510 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Simultaneous analysis of 14 benzodiazepines in oral fluid by solid-phase extraction and LC-MS-MS.

Ngwa G, Fritch D, Blum K, Newland G.

J Anal Toxicol. 2007 Sep;31(7):369-76.

PMID: 17725884 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

Rapid analysis of metabolites and drugs of abuse from urine samples by desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.

Kauppila TJ, Talaty N, Kuuranne T, Kotiaho T, Kostiainen R, Cooks RG.

Analyst. 2007 Sep;132(9):868-75. Epub 2007 Jul 10.

PMID: 17710261 [Xanax - indexed for MEDLINE]

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