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Common Xanax Side Effects |
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Xanax |
Anxiety - Insomnia - Agitation |
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Xanax withdrawal. Xanax withdrawal side effects, withdrawal warnings, withdrawal precautions, withdrawal adverse effects, overdose, withdrawal symptoms and Xanax natural alternatives. Before you begin the spiral down with these drugs, try giving your body what it really wants.
Xanax
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Xanax Pharmacology
Anxiolytic - Antipanic
Xanax, a triazolo 1,4 benzodiazepine analog, binds with high affinity to the GABA benzodiazepine receptor complex. Considerable evidence suggest that the central pharmacologic/therapeutic actions of Xanax are mediated via interaction with this receptor complex.
Orally administered it is readily absorbed in man with peak plasma concentrations occurring 1 to 2 hours following administration. The half life range is 6 to 20 hours following single dose administration. With multiple doses, given 3 times daily, steady state is reached within 7 days. Xanax and its metabolites are excreted primarily in the urine. Degradation occurs mainly by oxidation yielding the primary and secondary metabolites which are active and appear to have half-lives similar to alprazolam but are present at only low levels in the plasma. Xanax is 80% protein bound.
Xanax 500 mcg (0.5 mg), administered 3 times a day for 14 days, did not affect prothrombin times or plasma warfarin levels in male volunteers administered sodium warfarin orally.
Indications
For the management of anxiety disorders or the short-term symptomatic relief of symptoms of excessive anxiety. Anxiety or tension associated with the stress of everyday life usually does not require treatment with Xanax.Xanax is indicated for the treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and is also indicated for the management of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia.
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Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to Xanax or other benzodiazepines. Xanax is also contraindicated in pregnancy, in infants and in patients with myasthenia gravis and acute narrow angle glaucoma.Warnings
Xanax is not recommended for use in patients whose primary diagnosis is psychosis or depression.Occupational Hazards:
As with other CNS depressant drugs, patients should be cautioned against activities requiring mental alertness, judgment and physical coordination such as driving or operating machinery, particularly in the early phases of treatment and until proper adjustment to side effects has been established. Alcohol and benzodiazepines should never
be mixed when driving because of the unpredictable CNS depressant effects of this combination.
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Pregnancy:
Safety in pregnancy has not been established, therefore its use is not recommended. Studies have suggested an increased risk of congenital malformations associated with the use of the benzodiazepines, such as chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, and also meprobamate, during the first trimester of pregnancy. Since
Xanax is a benzodiazepine
derivative, its administration is rarely justified in women of childbearing potential. If the drug is prescribed to a woman of child bearing potential she should be warned to consult her physician regarding the discontinuation of the drug if she intends to become or suspects that she is pregnant.
Lactation: Back to top of page
Studies in rats have indicated that
Xanax and its metabolites are secreted into the milk. Therefore, nursing should not be undertaken while a patient is receiving the drug.
Safety and efficacy of alprazolam in patients under the age of 18 years has not been established.
Precautions
Elderly and debilitated patients, or those with organic brain syndrome, have been found to be prone to the CNS depressant activity of benzodiazepines even after low doses. Manifestations include ataxia, over sedation and hypotension. Therefore, medication should be administered with caution to these patients, particularly if a drop in blood pressure might lead to cardiac complications. Initial doses should be low and increments should be made gradually, depending on the response of the patient, in order to avoid over sedation, neurological impairment and other possible adverse reactions.Xanax should not be administered to individuals prone to drug abuse. Caution should be observed in all patients who are considered to have potential for psychological dependence. Withdrawal symptoms have been observed after abrupt discontinuation of benzodiazepines. These include irritability, nervousness, insomnia, agitation, tremors, convulsions, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting and mental impairment. Since these symptoms may be similar to those for which the patient is being treated, it may appear that he has suffered a relapse upon discontinuation. It is suggested that alprazolam should be withdrawn gradually if the individual is suspected of having become dependent, or the drug perhaps has been used in prolonged high doses.
Suicidal tendencies may be present in patients with emotional disorders, particularly when depressed and that protective measures and appropriate treatment may be necessary and should be instituted without delay.
Xanax should not be used in patients suspected of having psychotic tendencies since excitement and other paradoxical reactions can result from the use of anxiolytic-sedatives in these patients. As with other benzodiazepines, alprazolam should not be used in individuals with physiological anxiety or normal stress of daily living but only in the presence of disabling manifestations of an appropriate pathological anxiety disorder.
These drugs are not effective in patients with characterological and personality disorders or those with obsessive compulsive disorders. Xanax is not recommended for the management of depressive or psychotic disorders.
If treatment is necessary in patients with impaired hepatic or renal function, therapy should be initiated at a very low dose and the dosage increased only to the extent that it is compatible with the degree of residual function of these organs.
If Xanax is administered for repeated cycles of therapy, periodic blood counts and liver function tests are advisable. Back to top of page
Since benzodiazepines may occasionally exacerbate grand mal seizures, caution is required when used in epileptic patients and an adjustment may be necessary in their anticonvulsive medication. Abrupt withdrawal of Xanax should be avoided.
Benzodiazepines may potentiate or interact with effects of other CNS acting drugs such as alcohol, narcotics, barbiturates, nonbarbiturate hypnotics, antihistamines, phenothiazines, butyrophenones, MAO inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants. Therefore, if alprazolam is to be combined with other drugs acting on the
CNS, careful consideration should be given to the pharmacology of the agent involved because of the possible additive or potentiating effects. Patients should also be advised against the simultaneous use of other CNS depressant drugs and should be cautioned not to take alcohol during the administration of alprazolam.
Adverse Effects Back to top of page
The most frequently reported are drowsiness, coordination difficulties with dizziness. Release of hostility and other paradoxical effects such as irritability, excitability and hallucinations are known to occur with the use of benzodiazepines. Other side effects less frequently reported, listed by body systems, include the following:Neurologic:
Blurred vision, headache, seizures, slurred speech, difficulty in depth perception.
Psychiatric:
Agitation, mental confusion, depression, irritability, nervousness, sleep disturbances, euphoria, lethargy, stupor.
Gastrointestinal:
Dry mouth, nausea, nonspecific gastrointestinal disturbances, vomiting.
Musculoskeletal:
Muscle spasm, muscle weakness.
Cardiovascular:
Hypotension, palpitations, tachycardia.
Dermatologic:
Pruritus, rash.
Genitourinary:
Incontinence, change in libido.
Hematologic:
Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit, increased and decreased WBC.
Hepatic:
Elevations of alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT).
Miscellaneous:
Increased and decreased blood sugar levels.
Overdose Back to top of page
Symptoms:Manifested as an extension of Xanax pharmacologic activity. Varying degrees of CNS depressant effects such as somnolence and hypnosis can occur. Other manifestations may include muscle weakness, ataxia, dysarthria and particularly in children paradoxical excitement. In more severe cases diminished reflexes, confusion and coma may ensue. It should be remembered when treating an overdose that multiple agents may have been ingested. Fatalities with benzodiazepines rarely occur except when other drugs, alcohol or aggravating factors are involved.
Treatment:
Vomiting may be induced if the patient is fully awake. Vital signs should be monitored and general supportive measures should be employed as indicated. Gastric lavage should be instituted as soon as possible. I.V. fluids may be administered and an adequate airway should be maintained.
Experiments in animals have indicated that cardiopulmonary collapse can occur with massive i.v. doses of alprazolam. This could be reversed with positive mechanical respiration and the i.v. infusion of levarterenol.
Animal experiments with Xanax and related compounds have suggested that hemodialysis and forced diuresis are probably of little value.
Dosage
Must be individualized and carefully titrated in order to avoid excessive sedation or mental and motor impairment. As with other anxiolytic-sedatives, short courses of treatment should be the rule for the symptomatic relief of excessive anxiety and the initial course of treatment should not last longer than 1 week without reassessment. If necessary, drug dosage can be adjusted after 1 week. Prescriptions should be limited to short courses of therapy.Adults:
Initially: Back to top of page
0.25 mg (250 mcg) given 2 or 3 times daily. If required, increases may be made in 0.25 mg (250 mcg) increments according to the severity of symptoms and patient response. It is recommended that the evening dose be increased before the daytime doses. Very severe manifestations of anxiety may require larger initial daily doses. The optimal
dosage is one that permits symptomatic control of excessive anxiety without impairment of mental and motor function. Exceptionally, it may be necessary to increase dosage to a maximum of 3 mg daily, given in divided doses.
Elderly and Debilitated Patients:
The initial dosage is 0.125 mg (125 mcg) 2 or 3 times daily. If necessary, this dosage may be increased gradually depending on patient tolerance and response.
Supplied Back to top of page
Xanax:0.25 mg:
Each scored white, ovoid-shaped tablet, coded "Upjohn 29," contains: Alprazolam 0.25 mg (250 mcg). Gluten-free. Bottles of 100 and 1000.
0.5 mg:
Each scored, peach, ovoid-shaped tablet, coded "Upjohn 55," contains: Alprazolam 0.5 mg (500 mcg). Gluten-free. Bottles of 100 and 1000.
1 mg:
Each scored, lavender, ovoid-shaped tablet, coded "Upjohn 90" contains: Alprazolam 1 mg (1000 mcg). Gluten-free. Bottles of 100.
Xanax TS:
2 mg:
Each white, triscored tablet (3 scores), with the number "2" on one side and Xanax on the other side contains: Alprazolam 2 mg. The tablets can be broken into 4 equal parts of 0.5 mg. Bottles of 100.